A Review of Emerging Nanophotonic Biosensors and Their Expanding Applications

Abstract

Over this time, biomedicine has benefited greatly from the penetration of nanotechnology, which has solved several issues and improved illness diagnosis and treatment. Early, quick, and accurate disease identification is an essential need in the field of biomedicine, as it is the first step in effectively addressing different ailments. Nanophotonics is the study of how light and matter interacts at the nanoscale. Nanomaterials have greatly enhanced the techniques used to identify and analyze biomolecules. The examples cited above include plasmonic nanomaterials, waveguides, substrates used for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and bright materials, among other things. Multiple strategies can be used together to enable multimodal sensing. Enhancing the specificity of biosensors can be achieved by modifying the surface of nanoparticles with chemicals that are specific to the analyte. High sensitivity, high precision, multiplexing power, and portability will be achieved in the detecting sector by the application of nanophotonic techniques. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), usually referred to as fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and is a widely used technique in the field of molecular sensing. Evanescent wave biosensors facilitate the identification of biomolecules without the necessity of labeling. Evanescent-field biosensors may detect biomolecules on the sensor surface in real-time by measuring changes in refractive index. The aforementioned treatment offers a rapid, non-intrusive, and straightforward method for identifying illnesses. Fluorescent nanoparticles provide a practical method for detecting biomolecules. Various materials have been generated in connection with this issue. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques can also be used for disease diagnostics.